{
 "jurisdiction_id": "EEA",
 "jurisdiction": "European Economic Area (Bloc)",
 "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/",
 "generator": "render_jid v13.3.0",
 "date_modified": "2026-09-14",
 "schema_version": "crypto-v2.0.0",
 "counts": {
  "modules": 8,
  "sourced_findings": 31,
  "source_register": 34
 },
 "modules": [
  {
   "code": "crypto_licensing",
   "name": "Crypto Licensing",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#crypto-licensing-crypto-licensing",
   "standing_position": "The EEA operates a single, EEA-wide harmonised crypto-asset licensing regime under Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 (MiCA), which is a directly-applicable Regulation across the 27 EU Member States and, following incorporation into the EEA Agreement, across Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. A CASP authorisation granted by any one EEA competent authority passports across the entire bloc. The Article 143 grandfathering/transitional regime for pre-existing national VASP registrations formally expired on 1 July 2026 for EU Member States, with the EEA EFTA states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway) running separate, shorter or longer national grandfathering windows (18 months for Iceland and Liechtenstein, 12 months for Norway) that were not perfectly synchronised with the EU timeline. Post-expiry, ESMA and NCAs are actively supervising wind-down of unauthorised providers.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "Under Article 62(1) of MiCA, legal persons or other undertakings intending to provide crypto-asset services in the EEA must submit an application for authorisation as a crypto-asset service provider (CASP) to the competent authority of their home Member State.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-03/ESMA18-72330276-1634_Final_Report_on_certain_technical_standards_under_MiCA_First_Package.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-014-RTS",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "A MiCA CASP authorisation issued by one EEA competent authority permits the provision of crypto-asset services across the entire European Economic Area, comprising the 27 EU Member States plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "CoinDesk",
     "source_url": "https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2026/06/29/europe-s-unlicensed-crypto-firms-face-wipeout-as-final-regulatory-deadline-falls",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-COINDESK-JUL2026",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "The MiCA Article 143(3) grandfathering period officially expired across the EU on 1 July 2026; any entity providing crypto-asset services to EEA clients without a MiCA licence is now in breach of EU law and must cease offering such services or wind down in an orderly manner.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2026-04/ESMA75-113276571-1679_Statement_on_the_end_of_transitional_periods_under_MiCA.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-TRANS-END",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "The EEA EFTA states applied their own national MiCA grandfathering periods distinct from the EU timeline: 18 months for Iceland and Liechtenstein and 12 months for Norway, with some of these periods communicated to ESMA but not yet fully incorporated into national law at the time of reporting.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/List_of_MiCA_grandfathering_periods_art._143_3.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-GRANDFATHER-LIST",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "token_classification",
   "name": "Token Classification",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#token-classification-token-classification",
   "standing_position": "MiCA establishes three principal harmonised crypto-asset categories for the EEA: asset-referenced tokens (ARTs), e-money tokens (EMTs), and 'other' crypto-assets (which include most utility tokens), each with its own authorisation and disclosure track. NFTs are generally out of scope unless fungible-like/part of a series or collection. ESMA has issued guidelines to delineate crypto-assets that separately qualify as MiFID II financial instruments (and hence fall outside MiCA's Title II regime), creating a boundary-classification exercise that NCAs and market participants must perform case-by-case.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "Issuers of asset-referenced tokens (ARTs) must be a legal person or certain undertaking based in the EEA and hold authorisation from their home Member State's competent authority before offering ARTs to the public or seeking admission to trading.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-crypto-assets-regulation-mica.html",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-MICA-SUMMARY",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "To avoid regulatory arbitrage with the Electronic Money Directive, e-money tokens (EMTs) must be issued either by a credit institution or by an electronic money institution authorised under Directive 2009/110/EC, and the EMT definition is drawn broadly to capture all crypto-assets referencing a single fiat currency that is legal tender.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Commission / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:52020PC0593",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-EXPMEMO-2020",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Unique, non-fungible crypto-assets such as virtual real estate, domain names and authenticity-verification items are generally excluded from MiCA's scope, but NFTs issued as part of a large series or collection may still fall within scope.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Joint European Supervisory Authorities (EBA, EIOPA, ESMA)",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2025-10/Joint_ESAs_Factsheet_on_crypto-assets.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-JOINT-ESA-FACTSHEET",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "ESMA has issued guidelines under Article 2(5) of MiCA on the conditions and criteria for qualifying a crypto-asset as a financial instrument under MiFID II, to delineate the boundary between MiCA's 'other crypto-assets' regime and MiFID II-regulated instruments.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-12/ESMA75453128700-1323_Final_Report_Guidelines_on_the_conditions_and_criteria_for_the_qualification_of_CAs_as_FIs.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-FI-QUALIF-GL",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "on_chain_activity_regime",
   "name": "On-Chain Activity Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#on-chain-activity-regime-on-chain-activity-regime",
   "standing_position": "MiCA does not create a bespoke authorisation or licensing regime for underlying on-chain activities such as DeFi protocols, staking, mining or node/validator operation as such; it regulates issuers and intermediaries (CASPs) rather than protocols. EBA and ESMA's joint Article 142 MiCAR report (2025) found DeFi to remain a niche phenomenon in the EU/EEA and identified risks (ML/TF exposure, information asymmetries, procyclicality) without recommending new legislation. Where a regulated entity (e.g. a CASP or credit institution) engages with DeFi, existing frameworks such as DORA apply to that regulated entity's own ICT risk management, not to the DeFi protocol itself.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "EBA and ESMA's 2025 joint report found that DeFi remains a niche phenomenon, with value locked in DeFi protocols representing only 4% of all crypto-asset market value globally, and that EU adoption, while above the global average, is lower than in other developed economies.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/press-news/esma-news/eba-and-esma-analyse-recent-developments-crypto-assets",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-ESMA-ART142",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "EBA/ESMA define staking as the process of immobilising crypto-assets to support Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or PoS-like consensus mechanisms in exchange for the granting of validator privileges that can generate block rewards.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Banking Authority / European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2025-01/254e8d00-e497-4d96-8d54-9bd52e3b1f36/EBA-ESMA%20crypto%20lending%20and%20staking.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-ESMA-STAKING-FACTSHEET",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Where regulated financial entities (credit institutions, CASPs, ART issuers) adopt or integrate DeFi activities, they may need to ensure compliance with operational resilience and ICT risk management requirements under DORA, even though DORA does not itself regulate the DeFi protocols.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/press-news/esma-news/eba-and-esma-analyse-recent-developments-crypto-assets",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-ESMA-ART142",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "No bespoke EEA-wide licensing or authorisation regime exists for crypto-asset mining, node operation, or validator activities as standalone activities under MiCA.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Publications Office of the European Union / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1114/oj/eng",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-MICA-REG-1114",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": "not_applicable_in_regime",
     "absence_attribution": "regime"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "stablecoin_regime",
   "name": "Stablecoin Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#stablecoin-regime-stablecoin-regime",
   "standing_position": "MiCA Titles III and IV impose a comprehensive EEA-wide stablecoin regime covering asset-referenced tokens (ARTs) and e-money tokens (EMTs): mandatory issuer authorisation, a segregated reserve of assets with minimum liquidity/composition rules, permanent holder redemption rights, disclosure/audit obligations, and an EBA-administered 'significance' designation triggering enhanced supervision for the largest ARTs/EMTs.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "Issuers of asset-referenced tokens and e-money tokens are required to hold the relevant authorisation from their home Member State's competent authority before offering such tokens to the public or seeking admission to trading in the EEA.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Banking Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/regulation-and-policy/asset-referenced-and-e-money-tokens-mica",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-ART-EMT-PAGE",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Under Article 36 of MiCA, issuers of asset-referenced tokens must maintain at all times a reserve of assets covering liabilities to token holders and hold own funds at least equal to the highest of the applicable regulatory minimums.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-crypto-assets-regulation-mica.html",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-MICA-SUMMARY",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "EBA regulatory technical standards under Article 36(4) of MiCAR require deposits with credit institutions in the reserve of assets referencing official currencies to be no lower than 30% (or 60% for significant ARTs/EMTs) of the amount referenced, with minimum percentages of the reserve maturing within 1 or 5 working days to ensure redemption liquidity.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Banking Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2024-06/580db2f3-8370-4927-baa3-0f995722b417/Final%20report_draft%20RTS%20further%20specifying%20the%20liquidity%20requirements%20Article%2036%204.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-RTS-ART36",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Holders of asset-referenced tokens have a permanent right of redemption at all times against the issuer, redeemable either in funds equivalent to the market value of the referenced assets or by delivery of the referenced assets, while e-money token issuers must redeem tokens at par value upon a holder's request at any moment.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/publications-and-data/interactive-single-rulebook/mica/article-39-right-redemption",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-ART39",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Issuers of asset-referenced tokens must publicly disclose the amount of tokens in circulation and the value and composition of the reserve of assets, and must publish a summary and the full audit report on the reserve of assets on their website.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Publications Office of the European Union / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1114",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-MICA-FULLTEXT",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "EBA classifies an ART or EMT as 'significant' if at least three quantitative/qualitative criteria under Article 43(1) MiCAR are met, including more than 10 million holders, token value/market capitalisation or reserve size above EUR 5 billion, or average daily transactions above 2.5 million transactions and EUR 500 million, triggering EBA's direct supervisory role.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Banking Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document_library/Publications/Other%20publications/2023/1062227/EBA%20advice%20on%20MICAR%20CfA%20on%20significance%20criteria%20and%20supervisory%20fees.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EBA-SIGNIFICANCE-ADVICE",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "consumer_protection",
   "name": "Consumer Protection",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#consumer-protection-consumer-protection",
   "standing_position": "MiCA provides EEA-wide harmonised consumer protections for crypto-asset holders and CASP clients — mandatory white papers, marketing-communication conduct rules, suitability requirements for advice/portfolio management, custody segregation, and complaint handling — but the Joint ESAs have repeatedly warned that these protections are narrower than those for traditional financial products, notably the absence of any investor-compensation scheme equivalent.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "CASPs must not deliberately or negligently mislead clients about the real or perceived advantages of crypto-assets, must warn them of the risks involved, and must make pricing, cost/fee policies and the climate/environmental impact of each crypto-asset prominently available on their website.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/european-crypto-assets-regulation-mica.html",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-MICA-SUMMARY",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "The Joint ESAs warn that MiCA provides some consumer protection for specific crypto-assets and services (e.g. comprehensive information, transparent complaint-handling), but these protections are not as extensive as those for traditional financial products, and consumers do not benefit from an equivalent to investor-compensation schemes.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Joint European Supervisory Authorities (EBA, EIOPA, ESMA)",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2025-10/Joint_ESAs_revised_warning_on_crypto-assets.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-JOINT-ESA-WARNING-2025",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "ESMA Guidelines on suitability require CASPs providing advice on crypto-assets or portfolio management of crypto-assets to give suitable recommendations or make suitable investment decisions for clients, aligned with MiFID II requirements so that dual-regulated firms face similar standards.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/press-news/esma-news/esma-releases-last-policy-documents-get-ready-mica",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-LASTPACKAGE",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "MiCA prohibits CASPs from outsourcing or delegating certain services, notably custody, to entities that are not themselves authorised as CASPs.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2026-06/ESMA75-113276571-1710_Public_Statement_MiCA_transitional_period_ends.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-WINDDOWN-STMT",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Issuers of asset-referenced tokens and CASPs must establish and maintain effective and transparent procedures for the prompt, fair and consistent handling of complaints received from token holders and other interested parties, including consumer associations.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Publications Office of the European Union / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32023R1114",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-MICA-FULLTEXT",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "tax_treatment",
   "name": "Tax Treatment",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#tax-treatment-tax-treatment",
   "standing_position": "Direct taxation (income tax, capital gains) of crypto-assets remains a national Member State (and, separately, national EFTA-state) competence not harmonised at EEA level. The EU has, however, harmonised cross-border tax-information reporting via DAC8 (Council Directive (EU) 2023/2226), which extends automatic exchange of information to crypto-asset service providers from 1 January 2026. Separately, the CJEU's Hedqvist ruling (Case C-264/14) held that exchange of bitcoin for traditional currency is VAT-exempt under the EU VAT Directive (2006/112/EC) as a currency transaction — but the EU VAT Directive itself is outside the scope of the EEA Agreement, so Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein apply their own distinct national VAT/consumption-tax regimes not bound by this EU case law.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "DAC8 extends the EU's administrative cooperation framework on taxation to crypto assets, requiring crypto-asset service providers to collect and report detailed information on users and transactions to national tax authorities, who then share the data across EU Member States.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "CoinDesk",
     "source_url": "https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2025/12/24/eu-s-crypto-tax-reporting-starts-in-january-with-threat-of-asset-seizure",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-COINDESK-DAC8",
     "source_tier": "4",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Under Amending Directive (EU) 2023/2226, crypto-asset service providers must comply with detailed reporting and due diligence obligations, and national authorities automatically share the information received from service providers with EU counterparts within 9 months of the end of the calendar year, with the first exchange taking place from 1 January 2026.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:32011L0016",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-DAC-LSU",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "The CJEU held in Skatteverket v Hedqvist (Case C-264/14) that transactions exchanging bitcoin for traditional currency for consideration constitute a VAT-exempt currency transaction under Article 135(1)(e) of the EU VAT Directive (2006/112/EC); this ruling binds EU Member States but the EU VAT Directive itself is not incorporated into the EEA Agreement and therefore does not directly bind Norway, Iceland or Liechtenstein.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Court of Justice of the European Union",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62014CJ0264_SUM",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-CJEU-HEDQVIST",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Substantive taxation of crypto-asset capital gains and income remains within the exclusive competence of individual EU Member States and, separately, of the EEA EFTA states, and is not harmonised at EEA level by MiCA or DAC8, which address only cross-border information exchange.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:32011L0016",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-DAC-LSU",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": "not_applicable_in_regime",
     "absence_attribution": "regime"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "cross_border_transfer",
   "name": "Cross-Border Transfer",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#cross-border-transfer-cross-border-transfer",
   "standing_position": "Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 (the recast Transfer of Funds Regulation, or crypto 'Travel Rule') requires full originator and beneficiary information to accompany every crypto-asset transfer within, into, or out of the EEA involving a CASP, with no de-minimis threshold (unlike the €1,000 threshold applicable to certain fiat transfers). CASPs must additionally verify ownership/control of self-hosted wallets for transfers over €1,000, and third-country (non-EEA) providers cannot solicit or serve EEA clients outside a narrowly-construed reverse-solicitation exemption.",
   "findings": [
    {
     "finding": "Under Regulation (EU) 2023/1113, crypto-asset service providers must obtain, hold and share originator and beneficiary information with their transfer counterparts and make it available to competent authorities on request, extending the fiat-transfer 'travel rule' to crypto-asset transfers.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Publications Office of the European Union / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1113/oj/eng",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-TFR-1113",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "For transfers over €1,000 from a self-hosted address, the beneficiary CASP must assess whether the beneficiary owns or controls that address before making the crypto-assets available.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:32023R1113",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-TFR-LSU",
     "source_tier": "2",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "Crypto-asset service providers must retain records of originator/beneficiary transfer information for a period of five years, with an option for Member States to extend this to a further five years.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "Publications Office of the European Union / EUR-Lex",
     "source_url": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1113/oj/eng",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-EURLEX-TFR-1113",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    },
    {
     "finding": "CASPs established outside the EEA cannot provide MiCA-regulated services to EEA clients or solicit them, in a business-to-business or business-to-consumer context, except where services are strictly provided at the client's own exclusive initiative under the narrowly-construed reverse solicitation regime.",
     "instrument_type": null,
     "source": "European Securities and Markets Authority",
     "source_url": "https://www.esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2026-06/ESMA75-113276571-1710_Public_Statement_MiCA_transitional_period_ends.pdf",
     "source_id": "SRC-EEA-ESMA-WINDDOWN-STMT",
     "source_tier": "1",
     "retrieved_at": "2026-08-05",
     "absence_reason": null,
     "absence_attribution": null
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "code": "aml_cft_regime",
   "name": "AML/CFT Regime",
   "confidence": null,
   "moved_this_cycle": false,
   "url": "https://cryptoassets.gi/jurisdictions/european-economic-area-bloc/#aml-cft-regime-aml-cft-regime",
   "standing_position": "Crypto subscribes to the FIM consumer's aml_ctf baseline module for substantive AML/CFT obligations. This crypto DR baseline therefore does not duplicate KYC/CDD, SAR/STR, sanctions-screening or record-keeping claims here; those are administered under the FIM aml_ctf module, which covers Regulation (EU) 2023/1113 (crypto Travel Rule) and Directive (EU) 2015/849 (AMLD) as they apply to CASPs. This module is emitted as a shell for schema completeness only.",
   "findings": []
  }
 ]
}